As with the Khmer Empire, a lack of clear records obscured the formation of the Tongan Empire. By CE, most of the islands were controlled by the Tongan emperor. The Tongan influence over the islands gave relative peace and prosperity that could not have been established without a cohesive political entity.
A large part of the expansion occurred between CE. In CE, King Takalaua was assassinated. His son Kau'ulufonuafekai avenged the death and reorganized the empire under a new dynasty. At this time, ethnic mixings with the Samoans changed the culture somewhat.
Civil wars began. The empire continued until when the island nation of Tona became a constitutional monarchy. The Renaissance of 12th Century began in the late s. During the period, art moved from Romanesque to Gothic, early universities were founded, major innovations were made in ship building, and continental exploration increased.
The Venice Arsenal produced sailing ships via assembly lines from The Hanseatic League oversaw a trading monopoly thoughout Europe. Windmills in England produced power to assist the grinding of grains in In the s, the Italian and European Renaissance rapidly extended scientific knowledge, artistic shifts and political upheavals.
The first, the Rashiduns, was the first successor and existed from CE, ended by civil struggles. The Umayyad rose and extended quickly, becoming the largest Islamic state, covering most of the Middle East, northern Africa by The Abbasid Caliphate coexisted with the Umayyad as a second line from Mohammad.
They considered themselves the most direct descendents and defeated the Umayyad in While some regions had been lost, making Abbasid control slightly less in size, the administration was stronger, allowing the control to endure longer although areas under their influence maintained autonomy.
The Fatimid co- existed with the Abbasid and proctored some areas, but never overcame their more powerful cousins. The final Caliphate became the roots to the Ottoman Empire. At about the same time, the Islamic world under the Abbasids rose culturally into a scientific and artistic renaissance.
Still, as with all large empires, internal and external struggles continued. In , Al-Basasir, a former slave, led a revolt, aligned with the Fatimid and overcame the capital Baghdad. In the s the Seljuks attempted to regain Baghdad, but the Abbasid had become strong enough to defend it. In the largest battle, the Siege of Baghdad, the Abbasid were victorious and regained the area in They remained in control of the Muslim world until when the Mongols overcame the region.
They began quick CE expansion in the region, and after his death in , continued advancing for almost years, becoming one of the largest empires, in land mass, ever assembled. The Mongol Empire held land from Korea to the east, northern India to the south, Constantinople and Poland to the west. The fall of the Mongolian Empire continued for many centuries, as the Mongols, or the Golden Horde, were repelled in certain areas and not in others.
Their influence helped to establish the Turkish Ottoman Empire and also affected India for many years, while they were pressed out of eastern Europe by CE.
He and his brother Maffeo lived in Constantinople in amid political change. They traveled by land east into Asia and met Kublai Khan. Together, the group began a far-reaching trade mission, which Marco recorded.
They returned with great riches. Depiction of the trip was journalized by Marco. His travels added significantly to Asian mapmaking and to inspiration for future explorers. Their control, complicated by interior and external power struggles, lasted about years when Normans from France pressed into Britain. French influence tied the island more to the European mainland. The internal tensions were great, as was the frequent corruption of the monarchy.
In AD, the nobility class rebelled against King John and authored the Magna Carta, a series of limitations to the power of the throne, as well as rules of order for how the king could deal with lower classes. The Magna Carta served as a constitution for England. In AD, the first Parliament, which served to some degree as a representative legislature to design laws and policy. The kings who followed varied in political strength and ability continued objection to the new government form for over years.
While the Magna Carta detailed rights and practices, its result for years stimulated internal strife. By AD, it was powerless although still intact, and its origin was unknown to most of the English, from nobility to common man. The house of Tudors ascended to the throne late in the s. The Elizabethan Period of Britain saw the rise of technological and artistic endeavors much like the Renaissance period on the continent and relative peace, both internally and abroad, with the exception of Spain who attempted an invasion but whose Armada suffered defeat.
The monarch still represented the main power of the nation. Soon, however, it became feared again as the Parliament gained more power than the throne. The Seljuk Empire controlled the area under the Sultanate of Rum. The CE Mongol expansion overran the peninsula, and by the time the Mongols withdrew, mostly due to internal struggles, the lands were split into several emirates.
In , one of these emirates, led by Osman I, grew in power and positioned itself against the Byzantine Empire, which was virtually destroyed during the Crusades. The millet government allowed conquered states to retain a large amount of self- rule.
By , it had overtaken the Balkan Peninsula, entered the Italian Peninsula. Mehmed II claimed caliphal authority from the Abbasids and became the final of the five Caliphates. The Ottomans established a monopoly of trade routes to Asia against western Europe, but based on wealth being derived from the American continents, the more powerful nations remained insulated. In the Battle of Vienna in , the Germanic Habsburgs overcame the Ottoman advance and eased the trade embargo.
Spain, with support of the Holy Roman Empire, again discouraged Ottoman growth. Borders became somewhat fixed, with the Ottomans making moderate gains in northern Africa, The Ottomans moved into a phase of decline, while remaining the strongest of the Islamic countries. Trade was an ancient concept, pre-dating the rise of agriculture.
Simple trade assisted in the migration of mankind across the globe and the communication of ideas and technology. During the zenith of the age of empires, trade became as much a tool for the largest cultures to flourish as military conflict became a means for them to expand.
The use of precious metals, monetary units constructed of those metals and monetary units representing those metals grew into a measuring tool to gauge a kind of wealth. The mercantile system rose after the Crusades, changing the perception of wealth for a nation from rule by domination to influence by financial market. The European advance into the American continents was driven by imperialism rather than empire; that is, nations sought mercantile wealth.
Earlier empires, from the Egyptian to the Mongolian, sent armies to conquer and to control the peoples they overcame, whereas the imperialistic empires sent armies and traders to conquer and to control the properties of the land.
Eventually mercantilism evolved into capitalism. In , the bubonic plague erupted throughout Europe, killing approximately million people, or a quarter of the human population, and continued off-and-on for hundreds of years.
The disease was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium and carried on fleas. Probably, it first developed in central Asia where travelers along the Silk Road transported the contagion both to Europe and China.
The fleas infected rats, and in the less than sanitary era of the Middle Ages, reeked havoc upon human hosts. After the massive initial outbreak, the disease re-occurred multiple times and in various areas, including not only Europe but also China, the Middle East and India.
Outbreaks continued for many centuries. CERenaissance The European or Italian Renaissance began due to a variety of reason and without a clear-cut start or ending date. The causes included the cultural diversity produced in Europe during the Crusades, the fall of the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Mongols, intense re-thinking after the Black Death, and trade with China and India.
Generally, the writings and philosophies of Alighieri and Petrarca early in the s; architectural rivals Ghiberti and Brunelleschi for the Florence Cathedral; and art by Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masaccio; all contributed to a change in attitudes.
The period included art, in painting, sculpting, drama and music, architecture, science, technology and invention, and while it began in Italy, most European countries added to the effect. By the middle of the century, the center of the empire had returned to its Asian roots. The Ming Dynasty, created by a revolt of peasants—not generals, arose after the Mongols were expelled in AD and controlled China for years.
Trade routes connected China with Asia and Europe. The Emperor Hongwu oversaw the dynastic change in AD. His leadership directed attention to the infrastructure and formation of a constitution, the Da Ming Lu, based on Confucian law.
Under the system, the virtue of the leader spreads into the people. The policy form Ming Lu also was based on the Tang Code, which clearly outlined just penalties for law-breaking.
Hongwu, however, was suspicious of the secondary ruling class and the merchant class, and he protected his reign with a secret police. Without the protection, likely, the Ming Dynasty might have been short-lived. With it, the dynasty lasted years. Still, Hongwu demonstrated paranoid tendencies and rigidly tried to control the middle class. Yet, he was something of a champion for the poor, relieving their tax debt. As with Europe, commercialization, forms of industry and capitalism and urbanization rose, beginning the Age of Industry for the area, before other large areas of the world.
In fact, without the printing press and the ability of mass produced books, the Italian or European Renaissance might have been no more than earlier periods of learning.
With the publication of scientific journals, scientists and inventors developed ideas and technology soared.
Without the printing press, the Protestant Reformation might have been a call for reform rather than a movement that stimulated colonization and the growth ideas of determinism.
Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator commissioned by the Spanish crown, began a voyage intended to find western sea route to India on August 2, His discovery of the American continent was not the first, but rather Leif Ericson had established a brief settlement in Newfoundland years earlier and possibly the Phoenicians had traveled a route years earlier. Columbus thought he had reached the Indies on his first trip. He captained three more expeditions, declaring land for Spain.
Following Columbus, various other naval expeditions solved mysteries about the globe and began its mapping. These expeditions also introduced the exploitation of the American continents. Its founder Manco Capac established a system of laws, including the end of human sacrifice. The people thrived in the Huatanay River valley of South America for about years. In , they conquered the Chancas tribe and began an expansion through much of central South America, often peacefully as the benefits of the government aided the smaller tribes.
Politically, the government was an administrative success, overseeing its people more humanly than European, Asian or African empires. Conquistador Francisco Pizarro marched south from Panama, finding the Incans in The Spaniards returned to Spain because the small troop, while militarily superior to the smaller tribes they had overcome, could not attack the sprawling Incan Empire. The Spanish returned in to find the Incans weakened by disease stemming from the first trip, and Spanish defeated the Incans in a year.
The growth of the Aztec and Incan cultures was halted in mid-formation. Most tribes were destroyed by direct warfare or disease, or were enslaved for the production of sugar and tobacco because wealthy European developed tastes for the new products. Along with expansion into the New World, central Africa saw greater interest, partly in the attainment of slave labor for the Americas.
French and English expansion began with trade for furs and early settlements, while Spanish and Portuguese sought land, product or precious metals. In the early s, France established fur traders in Canada and founded settlements in present-day Canada, and England colonized present-day US.
Politically, during the 16th Century, Spain grew into one of the strongest and largest empires ever amassed, spanning every continent except for Antarctica. Spain remained powerful for a while thereafter, especially in the New World, but its European influence diminished.
Other European nations began to ascend into power. With the Age of Machines, during the 18th and 19th centuries, The British and the Russian Empire, collectively, oversaw half of the populated world. The United States, under the principle of Devine Destiny, expanded across the North American continent between CE, and in the 20th century, it rose into a dominant force in the world. Among on of the outbreaks, the bubonic plague struck Avignon, France in the s. The University of Avignon closed.
One of its students, Michel de Nostradame, began extensive research of cures for eight years. While attempting to find the cure, he worked as an apothecary. In , he started work toward a doctorate in medicine at the University at Montpellier, but was expelled since performing a manual occupation forbade attendance at the university. He married in and fathered two children, but all three died of the plague. His work continued. In , he assisted Dr. Louis Sere. In , he re-married and fathered six children.
Despite years of effort, he could not end the threat of the bubonic plague. In , he wrote an almanac. The book was quite successful. In , he wrote another, which included over prophesies.
Well-known people asked him for horoscopes and advice. His most familiar book of prophesies was published in Prior to several attempts had been made to reform the Catholic Church. The Spanish Inquisition formed in to eliminate heresy, in part but not entirely caused by increasing scientific research that seemed to differ from religious doctrine.
At best, the Inquisition expelled heretics from the Church, and at worst, demanded torture. More generally, the Church corruption had risen in the selling of indulgences and offices. Many people felt that all of these practices reduced the value of religion. Typically, the birth of the Protestant Reformation came in when Martin Luther his book on doctrine reform on the door of the All Saints Church.
The protests continued, but reforms never manifested. While being influential, they did not overcome the Hindu faith of the region until the leader Babur. When Humayun died in , his son Akbar came to power and proved to be a good king for 50 years. Part of the success came from a general acceptance of Hinduism and indigenous peoples.
Akbar helped to install a religious policy called Din-i-Ilahi, which incorporated Islam, Hindu and Christian doctrines in a tolerance of all faiths. By , the empire included most of the sub-continent. Successive rulers maintained mostly fair oversight for a century. By the early s the dynasty faltered. In , the British overcame the area.
The CE court continued as a figure-head, but the political oversight became the function of the Shogunate. For many centuries, Japan led a feudalistic society of city-states. Different Shogunates ascended for the next years. During the Azuchi-Momoyama Period , a period of unification occurred after a state of civil war, but the period was marred when Japan attempted unsuccessfully to advance into Korea, China and beyond.
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu led a new ascension in Soon, an earlier growth of involvement with Europe and other world powers ended and a time of isolation began. Through expulsion and execution, Japan became insulated and isolated, but preserved very careful trade policies that allowed economic growth.
After years, external pressures ended the Edo Period in The publication of scientific theories helped to stimulate further research. Two works published in CE triggered fundamental change in the perception of science.
Previously, mostly Greek models of the nature of the universe were sacrosanct. In the Copernicus model, the Sun served as the center with the Earth as one of several bodies orbiting it. He feared the scorn that his theory might, and did, inspire, and only after years of consideration allowed publication.
He died the same year it was published. The same year, , Andreas Vesalius published a work on human anatomy that differed from the established model by Galen. Vesalius incorrectly adhered to parts of the model, but corrected many inaccuracies. Like Copernicus, the new model inspired scorn. The distracters represented only a portion of the readership, and young scientists began to re-consider many theories along many disciplines.
For years, Spanish and Portuguese Conquistadors invaded the American continents. Augustine became the first permanent settlement.
Many of the indigenous people were killed actively through violence or passively through disease. The Church sponsored missionaries to bring the pagans to Catholicism.
The French took a more restrained entry to the New World, sending traders to deal in furs, but many of the trading practices were inequitable. The English took a different tactic. In , planned by Sir Walter Raleigh, the Roanoke Colony developed as the New World was seen as new lands to populate rather than to acquire goods. The Colony failed. In , the Jamestown Colony became the first permanent English settlement. By sending settlers, the English sought to resolve population issues, as well as establish trade.
Led by Captain John Smith, the settlement suffered initially in the un-prepared terrain, but it survived and became profitable. In , the Mayflower, also captained by Smith, set sail, bringing a large number of British subjects hoping to escape religious prejudice. The planned route was to place the colony at the northern edge of the Virginia project, but storms took the Pilgrims far north to Cape Cod.
The settlers faced an even more daunting terrain and environment, but with aid of the natives survived. Throughout the century, European settlements rose in many areas of the continents.
While independent, the Company served as emissary for the English and was served by armed mercenaries. The British chartered the Hudson Bay Company in These companies allowed the divested empires from employing armies to administer their holdings and to enforce monopoly concerns without direct participation.
They were given extensive latitude in their means of operations. The area fell during the CE Mongolian invasion in ; however, cities continued to preserve the legacy. The Mongols of the region developed into the Kazan Tatars by the s. While the indigenous people came to identify themselves by the eastern roots. When the Roman Catholics moved to enter the area, the people sought the aid of the Tatars and retained an eastern Orthodoxy. But, the efforts began in a re-establishment of a military.
These armies moved against the Tatars to regain control of their lands. In , the Mongols were pressed out of eastern Europe and western Asia. Moscow rose and the people regained their identity. He attempted to re-establish Russia into the western, European core. Civil wars began as the new empire attempted to find a leader, and in a national assembly elected Michael Romanov as king.
The government stabilized, despite occasional setbacks. In , Peter, the Great, assumed control. Throughout his rule from , Russia grew stable again and regained status in Europe.
Peter moved against the Ottomans who encroached from the south and through alliances fought with Sweden to obtain Finland and an Atlantic port. Peter shifted to government to a more parliamentary order. The organization allowed Russia to maintain its empire after his death, despite the absence of a strong ruler. Another strong monarch rose in when Catherine II became queen.
She obtained new lands from the declining Ottomans and through alliances in Europe. During the following century, most of the European empires declined.
Globally, the British Empire would become the largest in ascension, while the Russian Empire would remain the largest contiguous empire. Seven Years War. The first truly global war, the Seven Years War, began as the coalescence of several conflicts. France used the shifts to enter Bohemia, facing Austria. Alliances formed and changed, as countries pressed one another.
Austria, with allies, battled France, with allies, leaving Austria susceptible to Prussia. Meanwhile, Spain moved upon parts of Italy. From , Austria and Prussia gained lands. In North America, between , the French, allied with native Americans, maintained border disputes with Britain and its colonies. The dispute, along with disagreements in India and Africa, as well as over the earlier European conflicts, renewed tensions and erupted into war in , the Seven Years War.
The French substantially lost to Britain, and Prussia gained considerably in Europe. Mercantilism became a prevalent means of the measurement of wealth following the fall of the feudal system, during the Renaissance, especially in Europe although aspects existed in Asian empires. A limited amount of the wealth was privatized, a vast majority remained under the control of the government. As political changes increased the rights of individuals, they also increased the opportunities for individuals to gain greater wealth.
Increased industrialization aided the capability for independent agents to compile wealth. Capitalism was a natural outgrowth of the economic system. In a capitalistic society, persons with varying restrictions imposed by governments began to supercede the importance of the political systems.
The most common was the peaceful transference of power, either due to death or retirement, to a chosen heir. Expansion was usually a violent overthrow of a politic by another nation that entered the border. Many revolutions occurred since the rise of empires, but two principle revolutions moved man toward the age of machine. The US Revolution began during the mid s as increasing more British colonists on the North American continent found British rule intolerable.
In many ways, the British colonies existed with less domination than the Spanish, Portuguese or French colonies in the Americas. That autonomy gave the British colonists greater nationalism.
In , they declared independence from Britain and armed themselves to withstand compliance. They created a democratic constitution based largely on the ideals of John Locke. The war, which lasted from , was mishandled by the British troops and successful. It changed the nature of British control over other territories, helping it retain a vast empire for over a hundred years when other empires fell. The US Revolution also directly and indirectly served as a pattern for other national revolutions on the Americas and beyond.
Soon after the US Revolution, much of the population of France dealt with the even more monarchist regime in France. A great caste system had evolved separating the French from the nobility of France, issuing dire conditions for the poor. The French government had assisted the British colonists in the US Revolution in hopes of taking their own advantage against the British, creating both economic problems and an hypocrisy in their own problems.
Upon the firing of Jacques Necker, felt to be an advocate of the people, the population moved toward open revolt. Creating a solid constitution proved more difficult for the French than for the US, creating a Constitutional Monarchy rather than a republic. Leaving the king as a figurehead. The Constitutional Monarchy quickly failed, and the drafting of a workable government grew violent within and outside France.
By , The Second Coalition became an attempt by European monarchs to end the revolution by overtaking France. Napoleon Bonaparte became a low-ranking officer in the French army just prior to the outbreak of the war. A pro-Republican, he served in the French region of Corsica and had some success against the royalists.
Impressing the revolutionary leaders, he rose in rank quickly and helped repel a British invasion, giving him the commission of Brigadier General at the age of He gained further success on the Italian front.
Feeling the French were unprepared to engage the British to the north, in he proposed attacking them in Egypt and effecting their trade with India. He decided long-lasting success there was doubtful and returned to France. He became caught in a coupe to overthrow the constitutional government and named as a Consul to administer a new government.
Neither the French nor their aggressors attained straight-forward victories, but rather a series of wins and losses, a brief peace ensued. As a leader in France, he offered strength that was lacking through the French Revolution and founded a workable government with reformed principles. After uncovering a plot for his assassination, he seized power and named himself emperor, beginning the advance of a military expansion throughout most of Europe from The ages of man never truly began or ended beyond the ultimate scope of all things beginning and ending.
The ages more accurately represent the human trait most pressing at any particular time. Early man sought the basics of survival: food, shelter, sustenance, and traveled until the globe could barely contain him.
He has continued and will continue to travel for these needs, and perhaps for some trait of adventure or need for novelty he may possess. As man settled, he grew the desire to own, even though the earliest man also needed to own. The age of empire represents ownership by force or by trade. As the classic empires faded, new empires rose. Rebirth represents imagination and learning. The earliest man imagined and learned with as much passion, as did the emperor and the farmer, but during the period imagination and learning inspired imagination and learning.
The earliest man invented tools that separated him from the beasts. The emperor and farmer and visionary invented their tools. In years, when the power of electricity, steam and coal, not even the greatest visionary could not have envisioned electronics, jet propulsion or oil. Machines have entered every facet of the human experience, for many.
In the less developed parts of the world, it takes very little time to find someone wearing a simple T-shirt, but that T-shirt came from the use of machines. In some more developed parts of the world, people can imagine a few hours without a cell phone. To envision the future, one must understand the fundamental traits of man, traits present since the beginnings of us, and traits ever-present.
Perhaps, our voracity will get the best of us and we will create an age ruled by the seven sins. Perhaps, it will start tomorrow or perhaps the Age of Machines will last a thousand years.
Our past is infinitely interesting. I am not creating a text, since the mailing list although I would appreciate hits on my novel website. I comments. To my reader, please visit the site. While this document is I have intentionally not used a not for profit, I hope it great deal of artwork. The will interest everyone to artwork I have used is public my science fiction domain and was accessed from novel Antiquity: story Wikimedia.
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Volta created the Voltaic Pile, population a battery using metals and brine, that sustained an electrical charge. Using forms of the pile, several inventors constructed reaches one practical uses. Alexander I succeeded Paul I to the throne of Russia. Catherine the Great had died in , an expansionist who moved Russia more into the mainstream of European affairs. Rumors suggested Catherine did not want Paul to rule, preferring her grandson Alexander.
By , he constructed a short tram system powered by a steam locomotive, through the Penydarren Ironworks, marking the first successful railway system. The system succeeded, but the cargo overcame the rails.
Afterward, the steam engine was used as a stationary power source. Several northern African nations along the Barbary Coast, overseen by the Ottoman Empire, committed piracy in the Mediterranean.
Morocco, not one of the pirating nations, signed a treaty with England and helped to protect colony ships. Once the US had gained independence, they no longer received Moroccan aid. The US paid tribute to have safety untila navy could be built. In , with a stronger navy, making the ransom less necessary. Jefferson refused, and Tripoli declared war. Heinrich Olbers discovered and names the asteroid Pallas. He later discovered the asteroid Vesta in and suggested the existence of the Asteroid Belt.
William Symington demonstrated the first practical steamboat, the Charlotte Dundas. By , the Ottoman Empire regained Serbia. Francisco Salva I Campillo designed a multiple wire conduit that could convey electrical charges for some distance.
The design was improved upon in by Samuel Thomas von Sommerring improved upon the design. The system was limited to a few miles due to the sustainability of a small electrical charge, and the multiple wire device carried a high cost to construct a viable system.
His military, political, economic and infra-structure reforms laid the basis for Egypt for years. European governments press Egypt concessions in to protect the Ottomans. He patented the steamboat in Britain abolished slave trade. Anthracite coal was used in an open grate burner to supply fuel, marking the beginning of what would become the widespread use of fossilized fuel to energize combustible engines.
Napoleon, as part of the Napoleonic Wars, entered the Iberian peninsula, beginning the Peninsular Wars. Ecuador declared independence from Spain. The lengthy attempt to establish that freedom for two decades and was not resolved until the s, during the revolutions of other South American colonies. Russia controlled Finland for the next years.. Upper Peru, which later became Bolivia, began a process to secure freedom from Spain and the Principality of Peru.
The hostility continued until Nicolas Appert, after years of experimentation, developed a method for preserving and canning food. His efforts were an attempt to help to feed Napoleonic force. Argentina, under the leadership of Manuel Belgrado and Jose de San Martin, began a war of independence from Spain, declaring independence in , and formed a constitution in Chileans disagreed with the declaration, creating an internal struggle, as well as a resistance with Spain.
A formal declaration was issued in Mexico declared independence from Spain. Miguel Hidalgo led a relatively small revolt of peasants against Spain. The rebellion continued to , when Spain agreed to terms. In , he re-entered Venezuela. More successful, Bolivar was defeated. He invaded New Granada in and Venezuela in, finally leading Venezuela to freedom from Spain.
In , he took Colombia away from the Spanish, forming Gran Colombia and becoming its first President. Ecuador, after many years of struggles against Spain, gained independence in and joined Gran Colombia, which they separated from in Successful, Uruguay was annexed by Brazil in With an Argentinean alliance, Uruguay formed an independent nation in Astronomer Honore Flaugergues, while attempting to measure the rotational cycle of Mars, discovered the Great Comet of When it became visible to ground observers, due to its size, it remained visible for days.
Paraguay succeeded in securing freedom from Spain, but the internal government, which named Fulgencio Yegros and Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia as co-consuls, saw struggles. Yegros failed in ousting de Francia and was imprisoned.
De Francia presided over Paraguay until The Mthewthwa Empire or Paramountcy had formed in the 17th century in southern Africa, uniting 30 Nguni tribes. Under the King Dingiswayo, the empire combined with the Tsonga to the north and began trade with European powers, particularly the Portuguese. I Meridiani. The travels of Marco Polo , Abaris Books. The travels of Marco Polo , Penguin Books. Jahrhunderts , Edition Erdmann. Il Milione: con un saggio di Anthony Burgess, e con le 38 miniature a colori del codice Bodleiano , Rizzoli Editore.
Il milione , ERI. Il milione , Mursia. Il Milione , Rizzoli. Il milione , Editori riuniti. The description of the world , AMS Press. Milione: versione toscana del Trecento; edizione critica a cura di Valeria Bertolucci Pizzorusso; indice ragionato di Giorgio R. Milione: Marco Polo , Adelphi.
Milione , Adelphi. The travels of Marco Polo , Folio Society. The travels of Marco Polo. Il milione , A. The travels of Marco Polo , Dell Pub. The travels of Marco Polo , Orion Press. Il milione , Mondadori. Milione , A. Il milione. The travels of Marco Polo , Modern Library. The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian , Doubleday.
The description of the world , G. The travels of Marco Polo , G. The travels of Marco Polo , Jonathan Cape. Il milione: secondo la riduzione italiana della "Crusca," riscontrata sul manoscritto, arricchita erettificata, mediante altri manoscritti italiani , Laterza. Il milione: prima edizione integrale , L. The travels of Marco Polo the Venetian , Dent.
The travels of Marco Polo , Random House. The travels of Marco Polo , The Modern library. Il milione , Successori le Monnier. The travels of Marco Polo the Venetian. Read Listen. The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian. Dent, E. The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian , G.
The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised, with a selection of his notes , G. The travels of Marco Polo: for boys and girls , G. More than seven hundred years ago, Marco Polo traveled from the medieva. Le Livre des merveilles rend compte du long voyage de Marco Polo sur les routes de l'Orient et en Chine. Press the button start search and wait a little while. Please do not reload the page during the search.
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